Tuesday, July 27, 2021

Bess and the gunpowder plot 1

 Late to bed finishing a chapter- 4 chapters yesterday on Fledglings, so I was well happy.

 

Chapter 1

“I have seen it working, but it still offends my sense of logic that astrology should work. I don’t see how the movement of the majestic heavens can affect our small lives below,” said Rafe Sackwild.

Roger Bray was working on astrological charts in the staff room. 

“Well, now, it’s interesting that you should say so, for you accept that there is no logic behind some people being able to produce blue healing flame.”

Rafe sighed.

“Yes, I accept that some people have a talent, as some people have a talent with art or with music.”

Roger Bray smiled.

“Ah, now, music, my other love,” he said. “An excellent analogy.  Some people can play music, others write it, a talent in degrees.  Now as I am beginning to see it, the use of astrology to cast the future is but a form of meditation, and one might as well use a crystal ball or throw about seeds to read the patterns.  The talent is in staring at the heavens and reaching an inner talent of seeing. I did once believe in the immutable message of the heavens, but since teaching, and seeing which scholars succeed, and which ones could barely prophecy that the sun will rise in the east  to herald breaking their own fast, I have adapted mine own thinking.”

“Come, this is interesting,” said Rafe, pulling his chair closer.  “We must infer that you have the necessary talent which is why you have always guided us so well in such matters as hatching and the attacks of enemies.”

“Yes, and I tested it by asking those senior scholars to read the heavens for interpreting the coming year,” said Roger. “Diccon de Bercy, in all seriousness, told me that the hens would be off lay, and that someone would have a display of fireworks.  Tangwystl informed me that she had a tune in her head and could not listen to the stars without writing it down.  Audrey said that she was afraid there might be something wrong with the dragon eggs laid this year, and Bess ... your good lady is very good, you know.”

“She is not my lady,” said Rafe, blushing fierily.

“Oh for goodness sake!  You do realise we have a book on when your betrothal ring goes on her finger now she is essentially teaching full time, don’t you?”

Rafe went even redder.

“I have not asked her,” he said.

“I would if I was you,” said Roger.  “You want her comfortable when Frostfire comes into season, don’t you?”

“Egad!” said Rafe.  “And she has enough trouble from hearing all dragons.”

“Exactly,” said Roger.  “However, when not distracted, she informed me that her reading of the heavens were that there were somewhere eggs which were neither alive nor dead, and that someone had deadly ideas involving gunpowder.  She got quite upset; it appears to be some plot against the Queen and young Rob.  Rob, incidentally, could not divine his way out of a burlap sack.”

Rafe laughed.

“Nor I; I feel for him.”

“It is not always comfortable, Rafe,” said Roger.  “You see, I have another young sister and brother at my parents’ home, and I have been casting their horoscopes.  And it seems likely that unless I help out, Peter is likely to die.”

“Had not you and Lil been considering rescuing them anyway, the way you rescued Joan?” asked Rafe.

“Lil mentioned this, too, and Joan is keen,” said Roger.  “I cannot help thinking that it seemeth unfair to take children from their parents.”

“As I recall you saying that you took Joan because you feared she would be forced to be a lady in the household of a future husband.  How old is your other sister?”

“Kate is eight ... you are right.  I was disquieted about her ...”

“You can always call on us, you know,” said Rafe.  “Don’t forget we now have portals at our disposal.  We should not have to take all the dragons if you wanted to be a bit more quiet, though one person has to take the portal physically.”

“There is, however, nothing to stop me visiting, and installing a portal in place,” said Roger.

“A good idea,” said Rafe. “Place it in some little-used closet or on the back of a door to the jakes; I will set about designing one painted on cloth, or – even better,  perhaps to gift your stepmother with it as a hanging, or a board, a painting of you with Skysong.”

“Indeed, it would be something to boast of, to have a son who is a draxier,” said Roger.  “I do not think they have any idea that I have Joan, nor that Jennyth, my niece, survived when her parents drowned.”

“All the better,” said Rafe. “Isn’t there a girl in Joan’s year who is artistic?”

“Barbara Kett; yes, she is in Topaz house, and she has nobody to give her a lift home for the holidays and lives too far to go readily.  I will offer her a trip home in payment for a painting.”

“That, I am sure, she will be pleased to accept as an exchange,” said Rafe.

 

Bess whirled into the staffroom.

“We are going to have to rescue Marjorie!” she declared, waving a letter. “Rafe, why are you laughing?”

“Because not so long ago you wanted to strangle her,” he said.

“Well, I’m not sure I’m ever going to like her, but good lack, she has had precious little guidance from her parents, and it would be poor spirited to abandon her when we had reached a level of understanding.  She is to be married at harvest.”  Bess passed over the letter.

“My dear friends and relatives at the school,

My parents have indeed arranged a marriage for me, and it is to a youth named Perkin Aston; I do not know if you recall, but there was a sister, Mary, who was at first with the paying students.  My father formed a friendship with hers, and they plot to harm the school somehow, and marrying me to this Perkin is a seal of their friendship.  I do not like him, he is arrogant and cruel, and I believe he might try to kill my little drakeling, Aurelius.  I am sending him to Isobel to stay, and I beg you to help me. I do not want the school harmed, and though I know I should perhaps stay and marry Perkin to spy on him and his father, I do not want to do so, I am so afraid, and I am afraid for Aurelius.

Your sister, cousin and friend, Marjorie.”

 

“Marry! But that’s a pretty pair of villains come together,” said Rafe.

“Yes, and right glad I am that neither has the ear of anyone powerful,” said Bess. “I wish we might manage to send fabric or paper gates by drakeling, but the risk of what might happen if they twist or bend is too great.”

“I was going to send a portrait with the runes on it, if you will place them, to rescue my sister and brother,” said Rodger Bray.  “Plainly it is a time for rescues!”

“A time for rescues indeed,” said Lord Essex, grimly, coming in on this sentence. “I just had a drakeling from my sister, who was one of the first to have them. She is married to Northumberland, the so-called ‘Wizard Earl’.  She just had time to send a message ere they were all dragged off, her drakeling was very upset, he was sending pictures of them being bundled under blankets and thrown into coaches.”

“Her own drakeling has an inate sense of where she is,” said Bess. “Marjorie and the little Brays must wait, for this is urgent.  When the drakeling has rested  and eaten, he shall ride on the head of one of our dragons, and we will go in immediate pursuit.”

“Could this be what is intended?  To lure us?” asked Rafe.

Essex shook his head.

“My sister said she hid in the priest’s hole in order to write the letter, and her drakeling remained invisible when they forced Percy to tell them how to open it, by threatening one of my nieces; she could hear it through the panelling.  They do not know she has a drakeling, nor that we have message. You overthink things, good Rafe.”

“I’m a philosopher, not a soldier,” said Rafe. “But I’ll willingly fight for the lives of innocents.  I was taught the sword. How old are your nieces, Essex?”

“Dorothy is the oldest child, she is six; Lucy is but four.  Algernon is two and Henry is a babe in arms, born this very year when the queen tried to get my sister Dorothy and Percy to reconcile. It has not succeeded,” Essex said. “Dorothy was going to bring her children to live with Frances and me, until Algernon is old enough to need more of his father.”

“Aye, that seemeth meet to me,” said Bess.  “I will ask my coruscation to speak with this drakeling.  Rodge, Lil will wish to come, and perchance other dominies?”

“No,” said Essex. “Let us warn them, but not leave the school entirely unprotected lest it do be a feint, and any force in place watching for many dragons leaving.  We five will be sufficient, methinks, four dragons to take me as a passenger,  and on return, another five adults, for they have taken three servants as well as my sister and brother-in-law, I seem to understand from the pictures of Spellweaver, the drakeling, and four small children.  You can do it, can’t you?”

Bess was later to say that he had put her strongly in mind of a puppy with the look he gave.

“Frostfire informs me that she can take three adults and a child without trouble, maybe more,” said Bess. “I believe her estimate to be accurate.  Lil Bray’s Glitterwing can carry as many. Duskwing and Skysong can carry two adults easily,” she added the two youngest dragons, Bonded to Rafe and Rodge Bray.  “We shall be able to carry as many as need be,” she said.

Essex nodded.

“Then let us array for war,” he said.

 

 

Bess had a hollow feeling in her belly.  It was not exactly fear, though she would admit to being a little afraid.  It was ... apprehension, worry more than fear for herself.  She was going to war, and she was not sure how well she would handle it.  Though she had defended the school more than once, somehow it was different taking the fight to others.  But those innocent children must be rescued.

Rafe gave her a tremulous smile.

“Only Essex amongst us is a warrior,” he said.  “But Duskwing says that those who have taken his relatives will see only dragons attacking, and not our cringing hearts.”

“Certes, I hope so,” said Bess. “At least Frostfire is certain that she can follow Spellweaver’s thoughts of where to go for her mistress. They are remarkable little creatures to find places by pictures of people, without anyone sending them having to know where they are going.”

“It is some innate clairvoyance, perchance,” said Rafe.

“I had not thought of it, but you are likely right,” said Bess.  “And how do we discuss this so calmly, Rafe?”

“Because the alternative is screaming in terror,” said Rafe. “Why are we going to do this, not the Ruby Knights?”

“Because Essex wants gentle people around his sister and her children,” said Bess, who was quite good at divining the way Essex thought.  “I think from what pictures Spellweaver sent, he thinks it not a large band, and so something we might deal with easily, and he wants clever, not martial, and friends not underlings.”

Rafe nodded.

“I don’t say you are wrong, Bess,” he said.  “And perhaps it is as well for us to be tried and tested in such a mission, for the thoughts Rodge has reported on his horoscopes which you, too, have returned are sobering.”

“I fear a mass of gunpowder somewhere, perhaps one of the palaces,” said Bess.

“I wager it would either be Richmond, or the Palace of Westminster when she opens Parliament,” said Rafe.

“That’s it!” said Bess.  “Good; now I might write to Salisbury and tell him to be on the watch.”

“There are altogether too many traitors,” said Rafe.  “And ambitious men as well as those whose religious affiliation ties them too tightly to a foreign power.”

“Yes, and why anyone should put a fat old man with too many rings and more lace gowns than a London courtesan above their rightful monarch I don’t know,” said Bess. 

Rafe laughed.

“Now that’s about as unflattering description of the Pope as any I’ve heard,” he said.

“I feel uncomfortable that Catholics appear to give a form of worship to a man, not God-made-man like Jesus, but a man who is elected by other men,” said Bess. “I may have misunderstood it, of course.”

“It is of no import, so long as any worship God, but as the Bible tells us, ‘render unto Caesar that which is Caesar’s, and unto God, that which is God’s,’ our queen being our Caesar,” said Rafe.

“True,” said Bess. “It is only some who would see her usurped and under the orders of the Pope.”

“And I wager Philip of Spain does as he pleases, whatever the Pope says,” said Rafe.

“I won’t say you’re wrong,” said Bess.

 

Monday, July 26, 2021

Falconburg Ascendant 1

 

Chapter 1

 

The big man with pale blond hair shivered.

“Are you sure it’s safe?  That he won’t find out?” He whispered, running his tongue over his dry lips.

His companion gave him a look of scorn.

“Of course he won’t find out.  He’ll be dead.”

“But what if he remembers ….”

“He will be mindless.  Your puppet. You have the ritual materials?”

“Yes, Lord Clovis.”

“No names! Come then, we must blend his fingernail clippings with the bone of a relative and your blood as his master, along with my own ingredients, and place the two near-identical smooth stones in the potion.  You have the river stones?  One for his heart and one as a control?”

“Yes my lord.”

“Good.  It would work better with his flesh and bone, but I recognise that this is difficult for an underling to obtain, so the bones of his ancestors from the churchyard will have to do.”

The blond looked shifty but nodded.

The cloaked Lord Clovis made a careful brewing, scorning to explain to his tool what he was doing.  Finally he laid the two stones into the liquid and chanted.  When he brought them out, they had a silvery sheen.

“And now to his chamber before he awakes, and a poniard in the heart,” he gloated, “And I will be able to see how well it works before I try it on that old fool Engilbert.”

The blond shivered. If anything went wrong, this was treason.

He hastened to the castellan’s chamber, his companion following.

Peter Haldane awoke in a hurry, confronted by his illegitimate son, the captain of his guard.  Before he could register that he was betrayed, however, the slender poniard had slipped through his skin, between his ribs and into his heart.  He died surprised.

“Good.  Now open his chest and put in the replacement heart,” said Clovis.

This was something which was almost the undoing of Kort, Peter Haldane’s son.  He was a brutal enough man normally, but this was his patron and father, even if he was surviving too long, and had failed to make a will in favour of a bastard son while he had a living, legitimate daughter.  A daughter married to the warlord, Gyrfalon, who would not accept his wife’s inheritance being usurped.  Better to keep the ailing Haldane in the semblance of life and enjoy the benefits of being castellan de facto.  He gulped, and cut, and blenched at the blood.

“I’m wondering whether to cause death by exsanguination would be a better course of action,” murmured Clovis.  “The blood might just putrify quicker if left in the body; a dry body might last longer before the smell is apparent.”

“Now you tell me,” said Kort, angrily.

“You knew this was an experiment when you agreed to take part in it,” said Clovis.  “You can always have him will his lands to you now.”

“True,” said Kort. “If Gyrfalon will accept that.”

“Place it in the hands of the ecclesiastical court; that will hang it about for years,” shrugged Clovis.

“If Gyrfalon doesn’t decide to make sure it goes to my next of kin by gutting me,” said Kort.

“He has to catch you; and it’s a strong castle. I’ll leave you a scroll which you can use to raise all the dead in the churchyard if need be.”

“That would help.  What do I do now?”

“You have put in the new heart and sewed up the hole.  Rather badly, but never mind.  Now put your hand on the other stone and command him to get up.”

Kort swallowed hard, trying to keep his stomach contents where they belonged.  Dead men were supposed to stay dead.  Everything in his being screamed at him that this was wrong, and that he should never have listened to the necromancer.  Too late.  One more swallow and he laid his hand on the stone and thought at the corpse to get up.

It got up.

“Tell him to open his eyes, moron,” said Clovis.  Kort made a face and did so.  It was horrible, seeing the staring, unseeing eyes of his former parent. He started to retch.

“Control yourself!” snapped the necromancer.  Kort swallowed on the thin, bitter taste of vomit.   “Now get him to speak.”

Kort thought of a trite phrase like ‘good morning.’

Peter Haldane’s corpse bleated, loudly.

The necromancer’s staff threw Kort to the other side of the room.

“What did you do, you incompetent?” screeched Clovis. “Did you fail to obtain bones from the churchyard and settled for those from the midden?”

“I … I was afraid of the dead,” Kort did vomit then, ashamed as he did of the sharp, acrid taste of his own fear, remembered and present.

“Afraid of the dead?  You idiot, the dead cannot harm you.  Not unless I’ve had anything to do with them,” sneered Clovis.  “Well, you will have to make the best of it, and make sure you tell people some witch has cursed him.  He can write notes.  He can write?”

“He … yes, well enough,” said Kort.  He got up from the crumpled position he had been thrown into.  “But it worked.”

Clovis sighed.

“After a fashion,” he said.  “I must be going before anyone gets up.  Let me know how it progresses.”

“Yes, my lord,” said Kort, repressing the urge to cross himself.  He had gone too far for that comfort now.

 

 

“Floris,” said Gyrfalon, “I was thinking that when winter starts setting in, it might not be a bad idea to visit your father’s court.”

“Won’t the barbarians attack in winter?” the young prince asked.

“No, they have enough trouble surviving.  Much more snow where they come from than we have,” said Gyrfalon.  “So as he is an old man, it would be prudent to go and see him while he is still alive.  He will want to know what you have been doing, as my page, and he did express an interest, however badly couched, in meeting me, as well.”  He smiled grimly, recalling the arrogantly-worded letter, written by a scribe, summoning him like a naughty boy to the capital.  Cardinal Alessandro Cordo had sorted that out very quickly, but King Engilbert never knew how close he had come to having his summons answered by an invasion. 

“Besides, with the signalling towers in place, and working properly now, there will be plenty of warning to withdraw all the village and their animals and food within the walls,” said Falk.  “And I presume you did not mean to take all the church knights from their chapterhouse?”

“No, though I shall expect Sir Lyall to work with whomsoever I leave as castellan,” said Gyrfalon.  “I should think that Foregrim will be happier to run the castle, even with attacks, than to make a ride at military pace?”

Foregrim shuddered.

“I grow too old for military pace, my lord,” he said.  “I would rather face a barbarian horde.”

“Good; and young Lyall is in the habit of doing as you suggest anyway,” said Gyrfalon, sitting back in satisfaction.

“And what of your wife, my love?” asked Annis.

“Did you want to stay, then? No, I thought not,” as Annis shook her pale head.”And our adopted sister? Pauline?  You are not due for some months.  Will you come?”

“I will,” said Pauline. “I want gold wire to sew up the insides of our people when they are sore wounded, as it seems to work, especially as we have determined that what Annis does with her healing is magical, to enhance my skill.  I can ride military pace; I never heard that being pregnant stopped Annis from doing so.”

“I wouldn’t dare ask her not too,” grinned Gyrfalon. “We are lucky to have you both as healers.”

“And lucky to have strong stomachs to put up with tales of healing over breakfast,” laughed Falk, grinning at his brother.

“Oh, the children soon stiffen our stomachs,” Annis smiled on Floris, Lukat, and Wilgarth, her husband’s pages, and on her half-sister Sylvia. Sylvia was more occupied with a mug of milk and a bowl of porridge than on the conversation.

“I am promoted from being one of the children?”  Sylvia’s sister, Jehanne asked.

“You are well on the way to being a warrior,” said Annis, and Jehanne glowed with pleasure.

 

 

The elf who called himself Hrafyn was travelling on his own business.  He had been to see his people, but as always the stay had been brief.  Elves kept themselves to themselves these days, and private and standoffish as most humans would have considered Hrafyn, he found himself stifled with the same conversations, same music and same opinions, day in, day out.  He had fallen in with a human companion once, and had found some humans to be stimulating.  He preferred to watch them from a distance, as a child watches a disturbed ants’ nest, but watching them amused him. 

He rarely gave much attention to the efforts of individuals, but this individual had caught Hrafyn’s attention.

The low, autumnal sun flickered golden speckles through the trees in a small clearing, and danced on the silver-gilt hair of a youth, slender as a wand, slender almost as an elf.  She was using a longbow to fire at a target, and it was quite plain that she had never been taught properly.

It annoyed Hrafyn. 

The bow and its art were his passion.

The girl gave a sigh of frustration.

“I am doing something wrong,” she said to herself.  She was not expecting an answer when Hrafyn answered,

“Yes.”

His voice had her starting, and reaching for a dagger as she turned towards the voice.  She relaxed slightly at the slender, leather-clad figure of the elf, hardly taller than herself. She noted the bow that he carried, and that he raised it with the casual grace of one so much an expert that he hardly had to think. Almost before she could realise it, let alone react, he had three arrows in the air. The first thing that she consciously noticed was three brief thuds, the sight of three arrows growing out of bullseye of the target, though he was further from it than she was.

“That’s how you do it,” said Hrafyn. 

“Not much help to me when you are so good that you move faster than I can see, Master Archer,” said the girl. “Do you look for an apprentice?  I’m not afraid of hard work.”

He regarded her.

“I do not generally work with others.”  His voice was slow, every word weighed and considered. “But I will not leave a young girl helpless.  I will start you on the path of learning.”

“Thank you,” she said.  “My name is Idonea.”

“Hrafyn.”

“Thank you, Master Hrafyn.”

“Just Hrafyn.”

Hrafyn was an elf of few words; he took her bow, and placed it in her hand, showing her how to push the bow away from her when she had the arrow nocked.  Once Idonea had been shown the proper technique, the improvement was dramatic.

“Why?” asked Hrafyn.

“Why do I want to learn?  You might call my reasons whimsical.”

He shrugged; she might expand on that, or not, as she chose.

“It’s a complex story,” she said.  “My mother was a maid to a great lady, Lady Emblem.  Lady Emblem married, by arrangement of her parents, one Peter Haldane.  It so happened that my mother, Edgyth, was also the half-sister to Lady Emblem, and when Lady Emblem was ill after her daughter was born, Haldane used my mother.  He threw her out when she conceived me.  The Lady Annis is about two years older than I am, and word is that she is married happily to a strong marcher lord.  I thought to join her, but I will not be a maidservant.  I hoped to bring useful skills as a warrior to a northern march castle.”

“I have heard the name of Lady Annis, daughter of Peter Haldane,” said Hrafyn.  “Do you know the name of her husband?”

Idonea shrugged.

“Gyrfalon the Dark,” she said.   “Some speak ill of him.  But it is said by the peasants of Haldane’s demesne that Lady Annis is good and kind.  She would scarce choose, as rumour says she chose, a man who does not use her well.  Though by all accounts about My Lord Gyrfalon is that he has ever been less hated by his underlings than our shared father.”

“I … have stood against Gyrfalon,” said Hrafyn.  “I, too, am following rumour.  The rumour that a friend of mine, Gyrfalon’s brother, has reconciled with him.  Our paths lie together.”

Idonea brightened.

“Will you have time to continue to teach me if we travel together?  I will, in exchange, readily undertake all camp chores.”

“You have a good eye.  It would be a shame not to teach you more.  I do not need you to act as a servant.  I camp with little fuss. You humans need so many things. I do not.  I will teach you to camp like an elf.  Have you eaten?”

“You are an elf?  I … I saw the ears but did not like to ask.  I thought all the elves were dead.”

“No.  We … have ways of hiding at need.  One day I do not doubt we will disappear, unless we learn to change.  Change … is frightening.  You have not answered me.”

“I … I think it would be a shame if you disappeared.  No, I have not eaten. I have a bag of meal with me to thicken a stew, and can recognise some edible herbs and roots. I  hoped to get good enough to hunt one day.”

“You may yet learn enough,” said Hrafyn. “Determination gets further than pure talent. You will have to learn the sword from Falk. It has never interested me as much.”

“Tell me about elves, please!”  Idonea was eager.

Hrafyn hesitated, then shrugged.

“It does not matter; nobody will find an elf who does not want to be found,” he said. “Elves are some of the oldest beings. We had magic before anyone; and our magical skills are valued.  We live in forests by preference.  At need, we can merge with a tree.   We build by making trees grow as we want them to, living architecture.  We value learning and beauty, and music.  There is learning and music and beauty in the firing of the bow.  One must become the bow to be a true archer.  There is no arrow, only the firing.  Thus we approach those skills in which we excel.  For me, there is no path through the woods, only the passing.  For my brother Lwysgain, who is a bard, there is no harp, only the music flowing from his body.”

Idonea nodded.

“I think I understand,” she said. “I will find that helpful when learning.”

“Yes,” said Hrafyn. 

 

Weights and measures

 Hoping Irene is around to check my spelling here and my understanding of the plurals! 

So, I started work on 'Fledglings' and I have not abandoned 'Wiridiana'.  Do you want first chapters of each as tasters, and first chapters of things like Falconburg Ascendent, and Bess and the Gunpowder Plot? 

give me some ideas what you would like of those and I'll post something later.


Polish weights and measures

 

 

Length

 

Krok, or step –  2’6” -2’8” or 75-80 cm

Ławka –  1 ¾+ “ or 4.46cm

Łokieć cubit/ell – 24” or 60cm

Piędź – 3 Łokcia. ¾ Stopy, 8” or 20cm

Stopa – about a foot, 12” or 30cm. Stopy is plural

Staja – around ½ mile, 893m. Staje is plural

Of course it isn’t as simple as that, as the Staja means different things for area measurement, and changed at various times.

                                 

 

Area

 

Włoka – 45acres, 18Ha [17.97 Ha but for ready reckoning let’s not be too complex] pl. Włoki

Morga -  1/30th  włoka, 1.5 acres or 0.6Ha

Sznur – 1/3rd  Morga, 1/90th włoka, 0.5 acres  or 0.2Ha

Pret – 1/900th  Włoka, 1/30th Morga, 1/10th Sznur, 0.05 acres, or 0.02 Ha [242 yards2 or 200m2]

Kopanka – 1/10 pret, 24 yards2 or 20m2

Kokieć -  about ½ yard2 [a fat quarters of 54” wide to the needlewomen out there] or 0.38m2

 

With regards to area, the average number of serfs or peasants would be around  10 per 3 włóki. An average nobleman’s estate is 30-40 włoki, somewhere in the region of 1500 acres or 500 Ha, carrying 600 serfs.

Sheep can graze at a rate of 6-10 to the acre depending on breed, size and land

Cows need to be at 2-4 per acre, depending on breed, size and land.

Livestock would be generally much smaller, an average bull for slaughter being no more than 370lb/178kg in most places; note, Raven lands have larger livestock for selective breeding and  using crop rotation for winter feeding and may be almost double the sizes of average.

A pre-industrial milk cow produces 100-150 gallons of milk p.a. but it can be as low as 39 gallons if the grazing is poor or there is sickness. Raven cows, more comparable to English beasts, will give up to 200 gallons a year. Sheep generally give 1/10 the amount of milk to cows. Goats on good grass can give almost as much as a cow. Note: goats have two teats, not the four a cow or ewe has.

 

Weight

 

Kamień – 64 Grzwny = 1024 łaty – 28.6 lb[just over 2 stone] or 12.96kg. It means a stone, which measure was used across Europe in the middle ages, and just to be confusing meant a different weight wherever you were, varying from 3 to 15 kg, which is probably why America abandoned the measure still used in the UK.

Grzywna or silver-ingot’s weight; after 1650 around 7-8oz, ie about half a pound, or 200g, before 1650, slightly under this. 

Wrardunek  = 6 skojek about ¼ oz or 7g

4 Wradunek is about an ounce  or 28g or 48 Prague groschen in silver

Skojek is 30 pfennigs or 2 Prague groschen

 

 

 

Volume

 

1 garniec  is about a gallon or 4l [ Imperial gallon 4.5l, American gallon 3.8l]. It translates as ‘pot’ and is based on a vessel used for fluids and dry goods acting like fluids since the middle ages.

However.

The garniec varied in different regions from 2 ¼ l in Kraków in the 16th century to 7.12 litres in Chełmno  up to 1714,  3.76 -3.96 l in Warszawa.  I’ve based this on the Novopolska Garnce from 1814 which was 4l, a little more than an American gallon [3.8l] and a little less than an English gallon. But as nobody is doing rocket science with liquid fuel, about a gallon is close enough, whichever gallon you are using.

 

Kibel = 35 garnców, originally a measurment used in mining and metallurgy,  later  the capacity of a restroom toilet barrel

Korzec = 32 garnce; meaning, a basket or bushel for loose dry measure.

Beczka =48 garnców, a barrel

 

The garniec is divided into 4 Kwarty, around 1litre each, or 16 Kwarterek, each 0.25 l

 

 

 

 

 

Money

 

Most people count their money in grosze.

There are phrases referring to grosze as saws;

 

Wtrącać swoje trzy grosze – to add one’s three pennorth [of ideas, speech]

 

Niewart złamanego grosza – not worth a broken penny

 

Niwart trzech groszy – not worth thruppence.

 

1 grosz is about equivalent to 1d in late 18th century English money.

3 groszy =  1 trojak

6 groszy = 2 trojaków = 1 szóstak

7.5 grosze is a silver grosz

30 grosze  or 5 szóstaków = one złoty [silver; 23.1g]

240 grosze = 32 silver grosze = 8 złoty – 1 talar [aka thaler in Germanic countries] about equivalent to an English pound/sovereign.

 

Just to make things awkward, there is also the Dukat or red złoty, made of gold, whose value varied widely. In the 17th century it was the only złoty and was worth 30 grosze; by the mid 18th century [Mikołaj’s youth] it was worth 6 silver złoty, and by the end of the century was worth 18 silver złoty. Around the 1770s it is worth 16 ¾ złoty.